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of Phytopathology

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Viruses and viroids in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as a management alternative

By Erika Janet Zamora Macorra, Norma Ávila Alistac*, Erika Lagunes Fortiz, Sergio de los Santos Villalobos

* Corresponding Author. Email: - / Institution: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo

Accepted: 12/December/2023 – Published: 28/December/2023 – DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2023-7

Abstract Viruses and viroids cause several diseases in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) worldwide, generating important economic losses. About 312 viruses and seven viroids have been associated, of which more than 28 are present in Mexico. Therefore, the use of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be an effective alternative for the management of viruses and viroids. The genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azospirillum, Anabena and Stenotrophomonas have been implemented against main viruses reported in tomato: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV), with benefits in decreased incidence and severity up to 80 % and yield increase over 40 %. In Mexico, only Bacillus has been used. The use of PGPR is a strategy that could mitigate the impact of viral and viroid diseases and can be integrated into integrated management.

Keywords: ISR, Solanum lycopersicum, PGPR, Pseudomonas, Bacillus¸viruses

Figure 1. States of the Mexican Republic where viruses and viroids were detected in tomato (See Table 1)
Figure 1. States of the Mexican Republic where viruses and viroids were detected in tomato (See Table 1)
Figure 2. Main forms of transmission of viruses and viroids in tomato. A) Transmission by seed; B) Mechanical transmission, due to the use of work tools, manipulation of plants; C) Transmission by insect vectors.
Figure 2. Main forms of transmission of viruses and viroids in tomato. A) Transmission by seed; B) Mechanical transmission, due to the use of work tools, manipulation of plants; C) Transmission by insect vectors.
Figure 3. Symptoms associated with viruses and viroids in tomatoes. A and B) Mosaic, leaf reduction, and mild to severe leaf distortion associated with Tomato brown rugose fruit virus; C and D) Stunting, fruit deformation, and purple discoloration in leaves caused by Mexican papita viroid; E) Yellow mosaic symptom associated with Pepino mosaic virus; F) Symptoms of stunting, deformation, and severe mosaic associated with Begomovirus; G and H) Symptoms of concentric rings and slight fruit deformation associated with Tomato spotted wilt virus; I) Mosaic in leaves caused by Tobacco mosaic virus
Figure 3. Symptoms associated with viruses and viroids in tomatoes. A and B) Mosaic, leaf reduction, and mild to severe leaf distortion associated with Tomato brown rugose fruit virus; C and D) Stunting, fruit deformation, and purple discoloration in leaves caused by Mexican papita viroid; E) Yellow mosaic symptom associated with Pepino mosaic virus; F) Symptoms of stunting, deformation, and severe mosaic associated with Begomovirus; G and H) Symptoms of concentric rings and slight fruit deformation associated with Tomato spotted wilt virus; I) Mosaic in leaves caused by Tobacco mosaic virus
Figure 4. Forms of application and mechanisms of action of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) used to protect tomatoes from viral infections.
Figure 4. Forms of application and mechanisms of action of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) used to protect tomatoes from viral infections.
Table 1. Main viruses reported in tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em>) in Mexico and the world
Table 1. Main viruses reported in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Mexico and the world
Table 2. Viroids that affect tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em>) in the world
Table 2. Viroids that affect tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in the world
Table 3. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria species used for virus management in tomato.
Table 3. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria species used for virus management in tomato.