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Búsquedas previas al 2023, Núm. 3. En la sección Volúmenes 30 - 41 (2012 - 2023).
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Control in vitro of Neopestalotiopsis sp. isolated from strawberry by Trichoderma and commercial fungicides

By Gabriela Olivares Rodriguez, Juan Gabriel Angeles Núñez, Francisco Mondragón Rojas, Patricia Rivas Valencia, José Luis Zárate Castrejón, Luis Antonio Mariscal Amaro, Luis Febronio Díaz Espino, Talina Olivia Martínez Martínez*

* Corresponding Author. Email: / Institution:

Received: 10/July/2024 – Published: 31/December/2024 – DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2024-28

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    • Olivares-Rodriguez G, Angeles-Núñez JG, Mondragón-Rojas F, Rivas-Valencia P, Zárate-Castrejón JL, Mariscal-Amaro LA, Díaz-Espino LF, Martínez-Martínez TO. 2024. Control in vitro of Neopestalotiopsis sp. isolated from strawberry by Trichoderma and commercial fungicides. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology 42(4):52. https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2024-28
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Abstract Background/Objective. The fungi Neopestalotiopsis sp. is an emerging pathogen that can cause losses of more than 70 % of production in strawberry crops. Due to this situation, is necessary to evaluate and implement control methods with low ecological impact. The objective of this work was evaluated the inhibitory growth of Neopestalotiopsis sp. using antagonist strains of Trichoderma sp. and fungicides used locally in the Bajio of Guanajuato, México.

Materials and Methods. The pathogen was isolated in strawberry symptomatic plants. The morphological and pathogenicity characterization of the isolate was carried out. The Trichoderma strains were obtained from the biological collection of the National Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Institute (INIFAP), Bajio Experimental Field (CEBAJ), and were confront in dual cultures with the pathogen, the percentage of radial growth inhibition (PRGI) was calculated at 120 h. In addition, five commercial fungicides were added to the growth medium and was calculated the growth diameter of the fungus.

Results. The PRGI by Trichoderma were observed in a range of 63 to 70 %. The mechanisms of parasitism for Trichoderma were curling, adhesion and lysis to the pathogen hypha. The T1 strain was the greatest potential for controlling the pathogen, followed by T5 and T7. Three fungicides, Tecobenazole (100 mL 100 L-1), Cinnamon and Neem extract (500 mL 100 L-1), and Peracetic Acid (25 mL 100 L-1) had 100 % inhibited of fungal growth.

Conclusion. These results contribute to the knowledge on the control of Neopestalotiopsis sp. with the application of Trichoderma and the authorized products in Mexico

Keywords: Growth inhibition, beneficial microorganisms, pathogens strawberry

Figure 1. Symptoms in strawberry plants infected by <em>Neopestaloptiosis</em> sp. A) Stunting of plants, B) Blight in leaves, C and D) Deformation in mature and immature fruits.
Figure 1. Symptoms in strawberry plants infected by Neopestaloptiosis sp. A) Stunting of plants, B) Blight in leaves, C and D) Deformation in mature and immature fruits.
Figure 2. Growth of <em>Neopestalotiopsis</em> sp. in a PDA medium after two weeks of inoculation. A) Development of colonies in a culture medium with black acervuli, B and C) Fungal conidia.
Figure 2. Growth of Neopestalotiopsis sp. in a PDA medium after two weeks of inoculation. A) Development of colonies in a culture medium with black acervuli, B and C) Fungal conidia.
Figure 3. Symptoms on strawberry plants caused by <em>Neopestalotiopsis</em> sp. A) Blight on leaves, B) Necrosis on the stem and C) Necrosis in neck and leaves.
Figure 3. Symptoms on strawberry plants caused by Neopestalotiopsis sp. A) Blight on leaves, B) Necrosis on the stem and C) Necrosis in neck and leaves.
Figure 4. Percentage of inhibition of root growth for <em>Neopestalotiopsis</em> sp. obtained from the confrontation with Trichoderma strains (p≤0.05).
Figure 4. Percentage of inhibition of root growth for Neopestalotiopsis sp. obtained from the confrontation with Trichoderma strains (p≤0.05).
Figure 5. Confrontations of <em>Trichoderma</em> strains against <em>Neopestalotiopsis</em> sp. where T = <em>Trichoderma</em> and P = pathogen. The <br />number found on the top right corner corresponds to the identification of the <em>Trichoderma</em> strain. T1, T5 and T7 are <br />observed to maintain a level II antagonism, while T4, T8 and T10 maintain a level III.
Figure 5. Confrontations of Trichoderma strains against Neopestalotiopsis sp. where T = Trichoderma and P = pathogen. The
number found on the top right corner corresponds to the identification of the Trichoderma strain. T1, T5 and T7 are
observed to maintain a level II antagonism, while T4, T8 and T10 maintain a level III.
Figure 6. Mechanisms of parasitism in <em>Trichoderma</em> sp against <em>Neopestaloptiopsis</em> sp. A) Curling, B) Formation of hooks and C) Adhesion and lysis.
Figure 6. Mechanisms of parasitism in Trichoderma sp against Neopestaloptiopsis sp. A) Curling, B) Formation of hooks and C) Adhesion and lysis.
Figure 7. Growth of <em>Neopestalotiopsis</em> sp in a PDA medium with commercial fungicides. Test: control with no product; A-C: Captan 200, 300 and 400 g 100 L<sup>-1</sup>; D-F: Tebuconazole 100, 250 and 375 mL 100 L<sup>-1</sup>; G-I: Carbendazim 400, 500 and 600 mL 100 L<sup>-1</sup>; J-L: Extract of Cinnamon and Neem 500, 1000 and 1500 mL 100 L<sup>-1</sup>; M-O: Peracetic Acid 25, 50 and 75 mL 100 L<sup>-1</sup>; P-R: Citrus-based organic fungicide 500, 750 and 1000 mL 100 L 1 . 400 g and 600 mL 100 L<sup>-1</sup> (p≤0.05).
Figure 7. Growth of Neopestalotiopsis sp in a PDA medium with commercial fungicides. Test: control with no product; A-C: Captan 200, 300 and 400 g 100 L-1; D-F: Tebuconazole 100, 250 and 375 mL 100 L-1; G-I: Carbendazim 400, 500 and 600 mL 100 L-1; J-L: Extract of Cinnamon and Neem 500, 1000 and 1500 mL 100 L-1; M-O: Peracetic Acid 25, 50 and 75 mL 100 L-1; P-R: Citrus-based organic fungicide 500, 750 and 1000 mL 100 L 1 . 400 g and 600 mL 100 L-1 (p≤0.05).
Table 1. Identification data, isolation substrate and origin of the <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. strains used in the biological control of <em>Neopestalotiopsis</em> sp.
Table 1. Identification data, isolation substrate and origin of the Trichoderma sp. strains used in the biological control of Neopestalotiopsis sp.
Table 2. Fungicides evaluated in <em>Neopestalotiopsis</em> sp. growth inhibition.
Table 2. Fungicides evaluated in Neopestalotiopsis sp. growth inhibition.
Table 3. Level of antagonism according to Bell <em>et al</em>. (1982) and mycoparasitim mechanisms.
Table 3. Level of antagonism according to Bell et al. (1982) and mycoparasitim mechanisms.