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Current situation of viticulture in Costa Rica and management strategies for downy mildew (<em>Plasmopara viticola</em>). Figure 1 - Location of the main grapevine plantations in Costa Rica

Figure 1 - Location of the main grapevine plantations in Costa Rica...See more

Biodegradables films with fungistatic activity for the postharvest control of Fusarium solani in Hass avocado fruit . Figure 1 - Morphology of Fusariun solani. A) Radial growth observed from the obverse of Petri dish in PDA after 7 days. B) Radial growth observed from the reverse of Petri dish. C) Macroconida observed at 50X without staining. D) Microconidia observed at 50X stained with cotton blue.

Figure 1 - Morphology of Fusariun solani. A) Radial growth observed from the obverse of Petri dish in PDA after 7 days. B) Radial growth observed from the reverse of Petri dish. C) Macroconida observed at 50X wi...See more

Cellulase and chitinase production by <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f.sp. <em>cubense</em> race 1 in submerged culture. Figure 1 - Radial growth rate (RGr) of <em><em>Fusarium</em> oxysporum</em> f.sp. cubense Race 1 (FocR1) strains in PDA medium, at 192 h. Different letters on bars are significantly different (Tukey; p≤0.05). Means ± standard error, n=3.

Figure 1 - Radial growth rate (RGr) of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Race 1 (FocR1) strains in PDA medium, at 192 h. Different letters on bars are significantly different (Tukey; p≤0.05). ...See more

Phytopathology and cultural behaviors: putative introduction of Chaya-strain of Cassava common mosaic virus to Costa Rica. Table 1 - Chaya (<em>Cnidoscolus aconitifolius</em>) samples evaluated for viral symptoms and sources of stem cuttings for transmission assays.

Table 1 - Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) samples evaluated for viral symptoms and sources of stem cuttings for transmission assays....See more

Fungal causal agents of the Black Spot of the cactus (<em>Opuntia ficus-indica</em>) in Colima, Mexico. Figure 1 - Plants and cladodes with symptoms of Black Spot in vegetable prickly pear cactus (O. ficus-indica) crops in various plantations in Colima state, Mexico. A) El Espinal, B) Agua Dulce, C) Las Guásimas, D) Juluapan

Figure 1 - Plants and cladodes with symptoms of Black Spot in vegetable prickly pear cactus (O. ficus-indica) crops in various plantations in Colima state, Mexico. A) El Espinal, B) Agua Dulce, C) Las Guásimas,...See more

Diagrammatic scale to quantify the severity of Ascochyta blight in broad bean crops. Table 1 - Values of the Intercept (β0), slope of the line (β1), coefficient of determination (r²) and margin of error (1-r²) of the simple linear regression equation in visual estimations of the severity in of brown spot in broad bean (Ascochyta fabae), with 20 unscaled evaluators and 10 scaled evaluators

Table 1 - Values of the Intercept (β0), slope of the line (β1), coefficient of determination (r²) and margin of error (1-r²) of the simple linear regression equation in visual estimations of the severity in...See more

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Multidiscipline, a basic component of innovation in the biological control of plant pathogens

by Enrique Galindo

Accepted: 12/August/2023 – Published: 24/August/2023 – DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2308-1

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Scientific Article

Etiología de la mancha foliar en soya (Glycine max) en Sinaloa, México

by Iris Alejandrina Conzález Molotla, Rubén Félix Gastélum, Francisco Roberto Quiroz Figueroa

Accepted: 26/November/2019 – Published: 26/November/2019 – DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2207-1

Abstract Soybean is one of the most important legumes worldwide. In recent years, in the North of Sinaloa the incidence of a leaf spot has been observed at the growth stages of full seed and beginning maturity. The objective of the present study was to identify the causal agent of the disease. Symptomatic soybean leaflets were collected from eight commercial fields, from which eight fungal isolates were obtained and identified morphologically and molecularly. Pathogenicity tests were performed on soybean var. Nainari. The Koch postulates were fullfilled by the re-isolation of the original isolates from the inoculated plants. The morphological analyses determined the genus Curvularia associated to the soybean leaf spot. The phylogenetic analysis of the gene gapdh allowed the identification of Curvularia ahvazensis, C. muehlenbeckiae, C. spicifera and Curvularia sp. These species were pathogenic on soybean var. Nainari presenting variation in virulence since the area foliage diseased varied from 3 to 31%. The results open new research lines regarding the impact of the disease on yield and quality of soybean in Sinaloa. […] View more.

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Figure 1. Morphology species of <em>Curvularia</em> in PDA related to leaf spot in soybean. A-D) Representative morphology of isolates Cv-3, Cv-5 and Cv-8 (<em>C. muehlenbeckiae</em>); A) Front side of the culture; B) Reverse side of the culture; C-D) Conidiophores and conidia. E-H) Isolate Cv-4 (<em>C. spicifera</em>); E) Front side of the culture; F) Reverse side of the culture; G and H) Conidiophores and conidia. I-L) Isolate Cv-11 (C. <em>ahvazensis</em>); I) Front side of the culture; J) Reverse side of the culture; K-L) Conidiophores and conidia; L) Conidia. M-Q) Representative morphology of isolates Cv-19, Cv-21, Cv-29 (C. hawaiensis); M) Front side of the culture; N) Reverse side of the culture; O-P-Q) Conidiophore and conidia. Scale bar=20 μm.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) gene, inferred by maximum likeli- hood (lnL -4286.90) in MEGA X. The scale represents the average of situations per site. Bootstrap values ≥70% are presented on the branches, near the internodes. The species found in this study are shown in bold, followed by a red circle. ATCC, American Type Culture Collection, Virginia, USA; BRIP, Queensland Plant Pathology Her- barium, Brisbane, Australia; CBS, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; MFLUCC, Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chian Ria, Thailand; UTHSC, Fungus Testing Laboratory, De- partment of Pathology of the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA; CPC, Culture Collection of Pedro Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute; IMI, International Mycological Institute, CABI-Bioscience, Egham, Bakeham Lane, UK. ET, IsoT, IsoLT, SynT and T indicate ex-epitype, ex-isotype, ex-isolectotype, ex-syntype and ex-type strains, respectively.

Figure 3. A) Symptoms of foliar spot in leaflets of soybean plants from natural infections in the field; B) Non-inoculated con- trol plant leaflets; C) Leaflets with symptoms, typical of leaf spot in soybean plants, caused by species of <em>Curvularia</em> (isolate Cv-11) in greenhouse inoculations.

Table 1. Areas in which fungal isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaflets of soybean plants var. Nainari were collected in the del Carrizo and del Fuerte valleys.

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